Blockchain — 300 free lessons

cryptography · chains · contracts · defi · the trust stack

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Blockchain Tutorial

1. Why Blockchain · The Trust Problem 2. Ledger History · From Clay to Blockchain 3. Distributed Systems · Cap Theorem Refresher 4. Cryptography · The Foundation 5. Hashing · Sha-256 · Keccak · Collision Resistance 6. Public Key Crypto · Rsa · Ecdsa · Ed25519 7. Digital Signatures · Sign · Verify 8. Merkle Trees · Proofs Without the Whole Tree 9. Consensus · The Agreement Problem

Blockchain Consensus

10. Proof of Work · Mining · Difficulty 11. Proof of Stake · Validators · Slashing 12. Proof of Authority · Permissioned Chains 13. Byzantine Fault Tolerance · Pbft · Tendermint

Blocks & Forks

14. Blocks · Header · Transactions · Root 15. The Genesis Block · How Chains Start 16. Forks · Soft vs Hard 17. Uncle Blocks · Stale Blocks 18. Mempool · The Pending Pool 19. Transactions · Inputs · Outputs · Fees

Bitcoin

20. Bitcoin · The First Blockchain 21. Bitcoin · Script · Utxos 22. Bitcoin · Halving · Supply Schedule 23. Bitcoin · Lightning Network

Ethereum & EVM

24. Ethereum · The Programmable Chain 25. Ethereum · Accounts vs Utxos 26. Ethereum · Gas · Units of Compute 27. EVM · The Ethereum Virtual Machine 28. EVM · Opcodes · Stack · Memory · Storage 29. Solidity · The Contract Language 30. Solidity · Types · Functions · Modifiers 31. Solidity · Storage vs Memory vs Calldata 32. Vyper · The Python-Flavored Alternative

Smart Contracts

33. Smart Contracts · Code as Law 34. Smart Contracts · Upgradeability Patterns 35. Proxy Patterns · Transparent · Uups · Diamond

ERC Standards

36. Erc-20 · The Fungible Token Standard 37. Erc-721 · The NFT Standard 38. Erc-1155 · Multi-Token Standard 39. Erc-4626 · Tokenized Vaults 40. Erc-4337 · Account Abstraction

Wallets

41. Wallets · Custodial vs Non-Custodial 42. Wallets · Hot vs Cold 43. Seed Phrases · Bip-39 Mnemonics 44. Hd Wallets · Bip-32 · Derivation Paths 45. Hardware Wallets · Ledger · Trezor · Keystone 46. Multisig · Gnosis Safe · M-Of-N 47. Mpc Wallets · Key Shares

DeFi

48. DEFI · The Open Finance Stack 49. Amms · Constant Product · Uniswap Math 50. Lending · Aave · Compound · Health Factor 51. Stablecoins · Usdc · Dai · Usdt 52. Algorithmic Stables · The Terra Postmortem 53. Derivatives · Perps · Options On-Chain 54. Yield Farming · Liquidity Mining 55. Liquid Staking · Lst Tokens 56. Restaking · Eigenlayer Model 57. MEV · Maximum Extractable Value 58. Flashbots · Private Mempool

NFTs & Identity

59. NFTS · Digital Scarcity Proofs 60. Marketplaces · Opensea · Blur · Royalty Wars 61. Royalties · Enforced vs Honored 62. NFT Utility · Access · Governance · Gaming 63. Metadata · On-Chain vs Ipfs vs Centralized 64. Ipfs · Content-Addressed Storage 65. Arweave · Permanent Storage 66. Ens · Ethereum Name Service 67. Did · Decentralized Identifiers

Layer 2 & Scaling

68. Layer 2 · Scaling Beyond Mainnet 69. Optimistic Rollups · Arbitrum · Optimism 70. ZK Rollups · Zksync · Starknet · Polygon ZK 71. ZK Proofs · Plonk · Groth16 · Stark 72. Validiums · Volitions · The Data Trilemma

Sidechains & App-Chains

73. Sidechains · Polygon POS · Gnosis Chain 74. App-Chains · Cosmos · Polkadot · Avalanche

Bridges

75. Bridges · Lock-Mint · Burn-Mint · Liquidity Pools 76. Bridge Hacks · Why Bridges are Honeypots

Oracles & DA

77. Oracles · Chainlink · Pyth · Uma 78. Data Availability · Celestia · Eigenda · Avail

MEV & Governance

79. MEV-Boost · Proposer / Builder Separation 80. DAO Governance · Token-Weighted · Quadratic 81. Governance Attacks · Vote Buying · Proposals 82. Tokenomics · Supply · Vesting · Incentives

Analytics

83. On-Chain Analytics · Dune · Nansen · Etherscan 84. Block Explorers · Reading the Chain 85. Gas Optimization · Packing Storage · Short-Circuit

Security & Audits

86. Security · Reentrancy · Overflow · Access Control 87. Audits · Slither · Mythril · Manual Review 88. Front-Running · Sandwiching · Countermeasures

Regulation

89. Regulation · Sec · Mica · Privacy Lines

Blockchain References

90. References · Ethers · Viem · Web3.js · Ercs

Advanced Cryptography

91. Finite Fields · Modular Arithmetic for Crypto 92. Elliptic Curves · Group Law · Secp256k1 vs Bn254 93. Pairing-Based Crypto · Bilinear Maps 94. Bls Signatures · Aggregation · Validator Keys 95. Schnorr Signatures · Linearity · Musig2 96. Threshold Signatures · T-Of-N Signing 97. Verifiable Random Functions · Vrf Sortition 98. Commitment Schemes · Hiding · Binding 99. Pedersen Commitments · Homomorphic Adds 100. Kzg Commitments · Polynomial Openings 101. Merkle Patricia Tries · Ethereum State Deep 102. Verkle Trees · Stateless Witnesses

Zero-Knowledge Proofs

103. ZK Proofs · Completeness · Soundness …104. Interactive vs Non-Interactive · Fiat-Shamir 105. Arithmetic Circuits · R1cs · Constraints 106. Qap · From R1cs to Polynomials 107. Trusted Setup · Powers of Tau Ceremony 108. Groth16 · The Compact Snark 109. Plonk · Universal Setup · Custom Gates 110. Lookup Arguments · Plookup · Logup 111. Halo2 · Recursive Accumulation 112. Starks · Transparent · Post-Quantum 113. Fri · Low-Degree Testing 114. Recursive Proofs · Proof Aggregation 115. Zkvms · Risc Zero · Sp1 · Cairo 116. Zkevm Types · Type 1 Through Type 4

Consensus Deep

117. Nakamoto Consensus · Longest-Chain Analysis 118. The Ghost Protocol · Heaviest Subtree 119. Casper Ffg · The Finality Gadget 120. Gasper · Lmd-Ghost + Ffg 121. Single-Slot Finality · The Endgame 122. Hotstuff · Pipelined Bft 123. Dag Consensus · Narwhal · Bullshark 124. Avalanche · Metastable Consensus 125. Ouroboros · Provably Secure POS 126. Algorand · Pure POS · Vrf Committees 127. Long-Range Attacks · Weak Subjectivity 128. Finality · Probabilistic vs Absolute

Ethereum Protocol Deep

129. The Beacon Chain · The Consensus Layer 130. Attestations · Committees · Aggregation 131. Sync Committees · Light-Client Support 132. Fork Choice · Lmd-Ghost in Practice 133. The Deposit Contract · Becoming a Validator 134. Withdrawals · Partial · Full · The Queue 135. Eip-1559 · Base Fee · The Fee Market 136. Eip-4844 · Blob Transactions · Proto-Danksharding 137. Danksharding · Data Availability Sampling 138. Proposer-Builder Separation · In-Protocol Pbs 139. Statelessness · The Verkle Transition 140. History Expiry · Eip-4444 · The Purge

EVM & Execution Deep

141. EVM Internals · Stack · Memory · Storage · Calldata 142. Gas Costs · Per-Opcode Accounting 143. Memory Expansion · Quadratic Cost 144. Storage Slots · Packing · Refunds 145. Precompiles · Ecrecover · Modexp · Pairings 146. Create vs Create2 · Deterministic Addresses 147. Delegatecall · Context Preservation 148. Transient Storage · Eip-1153 149. Access Lists · Warm vs Cold · Eip-2929/2930 150. The Yellow Paper · Formal EVM Semantics 151. Eof · EVM Object Format 152. Alt-Vms · Movevm · Svm · Cairovm

Solidity Advanced

153. Yul · Inline Assembly Fundamentals 154. Abi Encoding · Encode · EncodePacked · Decode 155. Function Selectors · 4-Byte Clashing 156. Custom Errors · Revert Data 157. Libraries · Embedded vs Linked · Using-For 158. Fallback · Receive · Low-Level Calls 159. Events · Indexed Topics · Log Decoding 160. Storage Layout · Slots · Mappings · Arrays 161. Immutable vs Constant · Bytecode Placement 162. The Optimizer · Runs · Via-IR Pipeline 163. Create2 Factories · Counterfactual Deploys 164. Minimal Proxies · Eip-1167 Clones

Contract Design Patterns

165. Checks-Effects-Interactions · The Safe Order 166. Reentrancy Guards · The Mutex Pattern 167. Pull Over Push · The Withdrawal Pattern 168. Access Control · Ownable · Roles · Accessmanager 169. Pausable · Emergency Stop · Circuit Breakers 170. Commit-Reveal · Hiding Intent 171. Proxy Patterns · Transparent vs Uups 172. The Diamond Standard · Eip-2535 Facets 173. Beacon Proxies · Mass Upgrades 174. Factory & Registry Patterns 175. State Machines On-Chain 176. Rate Limiting · Timelocks · Guardians

DeFi Deep

177. Uniswap V2 · Constant-Product Internals 178. Uniswap V3 · Concentrated Liquidity Math 179. Ticks · Ranges · Active Liquidity 180. Uniswap V4 · Hooks · The Singleton 181. Curve · The Stableswap Invariant 182. Balancer · Weighted & Boosted Pools 183. Impermanent Loss · The Math 184. Twap Oracles · Manipulation Resistance 185. Aave V3 · Isolation Mode · E-Mode 186. Liquidations · Health Factor · Keepers 187. Interest Rate Models · Utilization Curves 188. Flash Loans · Atomic Uncollateralized Credit 189. Makerdao · Dai · The Peg Stability Module 190. Perps · Funding Rates · Gmx · Synthetix

Tokenomics & Token Engineering

191. Token Engineering · Supply & Demand Sinks 192. Bonding Curves · Continuous Tokens 193. Vote-Escrow · The VeToken Model 194. Gauge Wars · Bribes · Ve(3,3)195. Emissions · Inflation Schedules 196. Staking Derivatives · Lst & Lrt Design 197. Fee Switches · Buyback & Burn 198. Protocol-Owned Liquidity · The Olympus Model 199. Vesting · Cliffs · Unlock Schedules 200. Treasury Management · Diversification

MEV & Order Flow

201. The MEV Supply Chain · Searcher to Validator 202. Sandwich Attacks · The Math 203. Backrunning · Arbitrage · Liquidations 204. Jit Liquidity · Just-In-Time Lp 205. MEV-Boost · Relays · Bundles 206. Cowswap · Batch Auctions · Cows 207. MEV Redistribution · MEV-Share · MEV Burn 208. Suave · The Unified Auction Layer 209. Encrypted Mempools · Threshold & Timelock 210. Order Flow Auctions · On-Chain Pfof

Cross-Chain & Interoperability

211. The Interoperability Trilemma 212. Ibc · Cosmos Light-Client Messaging 213. Light-Client Bridges · Trust-Minimized 214. Optimistic Bridges · The Fraud Window 215. ZK Bridges · Proof-Verified Messaging 216. Layerzero · The Omnichain Model 217. Wormhole · Guardian Attestations 218. Axelar · Hyperlane · Permissionless Interop 219. Chainlink Ccip · The Messaging Standard 220. Atomic Swaps · Htlcs Across Chains 221. Intents & Solvers · Cross-Chain Fills 222. Shared Sequencing · Atomic Cross-Rollup

L2, Rollups & Modular

223. Rollup Anatomy · Execute Off-Chain · Settle On-Chain 224. Sequencers · Centralized Risk · Decentralization 225. Forced Inclusion · Escape Hatches 226. Fraud Proofs · Interactive · Cannon 227. Validity Proofs · The ZK-Rollup Core 228. Data Compression · Calldata to Blobs 229. Based Rollups · L1-Sequenced 230. Sovereign Rollups · Self-Settling 231. The Op Stack · The Superchain 232. Arbitrum Nitro · Orbit Chains 233. Zksync · Boojum · The Elastic Chain 234. Starknet · Cairo · Native Aa 235. Polygon Cdk · Agglayer · The Modular Thesis 236. Data Availability · Celestia · Eigenda · Avail

Bitcoin Deep

237. Bitcoin Script · Opcodes Deep 238. Address Types · P2pkh to P2tr 239. Segwit · Witness Separation 240. Taproot · Schnorr · Key-Path & Script-Path 241. Mast · Merklized Script Trees 242. Ordinals · Inscriptions · The Data Debate 243. Brc-20 & Runes · Tokens on Bitcoin 244. Lightning · Channels · Htlcs · Routing 245. Watchtowers · Submarine Swaps 246. Sidechains & Drivechains · The Scaling Debate

Alt-L1 Architectures

247. Solana · Proof of History · The Global Clock 248. Solana · Sealevel · Parallel Execution 249. Solana · Accounts Model · Anchor Framework 250. Cosmos · The Sdk · App-Specific Chains 251. Polkadot · Parachains · Shared Security · Xcm 252. Avalanche · Subnets · The Snowman Consensus 253. Near · Nightshade Sharding 254. Aptos · Move · Block-Stm Parallelism 255. Sui · The Object Model · Narwhal 256. Ton · Sharding · The Telegram Chain 257. Cardano · Eutxo · Plutus 258. Monad · Parallel EVM · The L1 Race

Privacy & Confidentiality

259. Privacy on Public Ledgers · The Problem 260. Mixers · Tornado Cash · The Sanctions Saga 261. Zcash · Shielded Pools · Sapling 262. Aztec · Private Smart Contracts 263. Stealth Addresses · Eip-5564 264. Confidential Transactions · Pedersen + Bulletproofs 265. Ring Signatures · Monero 266. Mimblewimble · Cut-Through · Grin 267. Fhe On-Chain · Fhevm · Encrypted Compute 268. Compliance · Viewing Keys · Privacy vs AML

Security & Auditing Deep

269. Reentrancy Variants · Cross-Function · Read-Only 270. Oracle Manipulation · Spot-Price Attacks 271. Flash Loan Attack Patterns 272. Governance Attacks · Flash-Loaned Votes 273. Proxy Pitfalls · Storage Collisions · Uninitialized 274. Signature Replay · Malleability · Nonce Reuse 275. Tx.origin Phishing · Access-Control Bugs 276. Gas Griefing · Dos via Revert 277. The DAO Hack · The Reentrancy That Forked Eth 278. Bridge Hacks · Ronin · Wormhole · Nomad 279. The Audit Process · Scoping to Report 280. Invariant Testing · Fuzzing · Echidna · Foundry 281. Formal Verification · Certora · The K Framework 282. Static Analysis · Slither Detectors · Symbolic Exec

Dev Tooling & Infra

283. Foundry · Forge · Cast · Anvil · Chisel 284. Hardhat · The Plugin Ecosystem 285. The Node Stack · Geth · Reth · Erigon 286. Light Clients · Helios · Trustless Rpc 287. Rpc Providers · Rate Limits · Failover 288. The Graph · Subgraphs · Indexing 289. Event-Driven Indexers · Ponder · Custom 290. Account Abstraction Infra · Bundlers · Paymasters 291. Transaction Simulation · Tenderly · Forking 292. Viem & Wagmi · The TypeScript Stack 293. Wallet Connection · Walletconnect · Eip-6963 294. CI/CD for Contracts · Testing & Deployment

DAOs, Governance & Frontier

295. DAO Governance · Governor · Timelock · Delegation 296. Conviction & Quadratic Voting 297. Retroactive Public Goods Funding · The Optimism…298. Real-World Assets · Tokenized Treasuries · Ondo 299. Depin & Decentralized Social · Helium · Farcaster 300. The Endgame · AI Agents · Chain Abstraction …